Robbie Goodwin wrote:
Assuming System Preferences on the latest OS uses the same terminology as my 10.13.6 High Sierra, what Resolution Scales should be available on a late-model 24" iMac?
There were no 24" iMacs that could run High Sierra. Apple released one 24" iMac in September 2006 that could not run anything higher than Mac OS X 10.7.5 Lion. They didn't return to the 24" size until they released the first Apple Silicon iMac in May 2021.
That ancient 24" Intel iMac had a panel with a resolution of 1920x1200 pixels. Given that combination of screen size and resolution, the display would have had about 94 PPI. Text would have been a comfortable size with the Displays Preferences resolution set to the full LCD panel resolution, and there would have been no need for the yet-to-be invented Retina scaling. No increased sharpness of text or photo areas, either.
The M1, M2, and M4 iMacs have a LCD panel resolution of 4480 x 2520 pixels, and a pixel density of about 218 PPI. If applications treated all of the extra pixels as extra "workspace", each piece of text on on the current 24" screens would only be about 43% as physically wide and 43% as physically tall as on the screen of that ancient iMac. Text would "shrink" into an area which was physically only about 18.6% of the size of the area on the ancient 24" screen. The human eye is sensitive to the physical area of images projected onto the human retina, which in turn is a function of physical size, and of viewing distance. This is the reason why people usually run the built-in screens on the M1, M2, and M4 iMacs in a Retina scaling mode.
Apple does not have user documentation that lists all of the Displays {Preferences/Settings} resolution settings available on every Mac model. For the M1, M2, and M4 iMacs, I would assume that in the simplified (icon) view, "More Space" means "non-Retina 4480 x 2520", and that one of the other choices is "Retina like 2240 x 1260." My guess is that all of the choices except "More Space" (full panel resolution) use Retina scaling, so as to take advantage of the panel resolution, rather than merely drawing at a "(low resolution)".
As for iMacs that could run High Sierra, there were
- 21.5" iMacs with 1920x1080 pixel screens (~102.5 PPI)
- 21.5" Retina 4K iMacs with 4096x2304 pixel screens (~218.5 PPI)
- 27" Macs with 2560x1440 pixel screens (~108.8 PPI)
- 27" Retina 5K iMacs with 5120x2880 pixel screens (~217.6 PPI)
I would guess that when running High Sierra, which options you saw in Displays Settings would depend on which of these four types of screens your Mac had.