Thanks and duh!
Technically no, of course a 24" picture magnified to fill a 27" screen would be exactly that and your measure of quality would be irrelevant. In what kind of arithmetic does 24 equal 27?
Please don't patronise people like me with stuff 'If you connect a 27" external display to a 24" iMac…' or suggest that Change your Mac display’s resolution - Apple Support might help in this case.
Sorry to be so blunt, but 'If you use a 27" external display, you get a 27" picture…' is on your hand as childishly, patronisingly obvious as it is irrelevant but on my hand useless; rubbish.
The only point here is 'resolution…' . People with different interests have different ideas of what 'resolution…' means and the worst possible interpretation would be 'If you use a 27" external display, you get a 27" picture…'
You seem not to mind but 'resolution…' might refer to what was specified in a document or to the default, minimum or maximum output of the computer, or to the default, minimum or maximum output of the screen - or, come to that, printer.
If you meant '27" displays are available with maximum resolutions of 1920x1080, 2560x1440, 3840x2160, and 5120x2880, why not say that?
My iMac's 27" display does offer your 2560 x 1440 but not 1920 x 1080, 2560 x 1440, 3840 x 2160. Does that say anything about your assertion?
My iMac's 27" display does offer 1280 X 720, 1600 x 900, 2048 x 1152 and again, what does that say about your assertion?
Did you really not notice, choosing any resolution giving oversized text and objects with coarse detail, and only the amount of workspace typical of a 24" monitor is not an Answer… it's another way of phrasing the Question?
Your supposition that a 27" 1920x1080 display might have a 24" picture magnified to fill a 27" screen would still be a 27" picture – just a lower-quality one than other monitors might have delivered - is also no Answer… merely another way of phrasing the Question?
If you really need it put so simply, will you Post the maximum output 'resolution…' of any 24" iMac?