Searching the web for some ideas why "macos file sharing shows a random ip address", I just recalled the following:
A couple of weeks ago I was copying data from my late dad's old PCs to external USB drives. There were some issues, the copy process was taking very long or stopped completely, and so I tried to copy the data via other means by attaching the drive to my MacBook and copying them via direct Ethernet connection. For the record, the PCs have no WAN access and no Wifi. But I think I have attempted to turn on Internet Sharing on the MacBook so that the PC could resync its clock. I don't remember if it actually worked though. One PC runs Win 7 Home, the other Win 10 Home, or whatever the "editions" are called. I don't have much experience with using Windows, let alone setting up a network connection on Windows, but eventually I figured it out by trial, error, and many reboots, and I was able to connect via SMB in both directions, and to copy all user data from the PCs successfully.
That was before the Ventura 13.7.5 update however.
So, not sure if this type of SMB networking may have had some negative impact on my main user account on the MacBook, and then the 13.7.5 update "exposed" and "amplified" it?
Another "unusual action" I have performed just earlier this week was installing Java so that I could run a couple of old Java based apps (for the record, e.g. the brilliant ClickRepair app by Brian Davies). It took a few rounds of installing and deinstalling via *.pkg and via homebrew until I figured out that I need to run JRE 8. Possibly that may also have messed something up at low level?
And then there's the UTM virtualization app where I sometimes launch an El Capitan emulation, so that I can run Acrobat Pro X on the Ventura MacBook when I need to preflight PDFs for print (other than that, the emulation is too slow to be of any other practical use). The connection between the environments happens via "VMWare Paravirtualized Ethernet", so that's also a possible recent culprit I could think of.