My experience has been that once you have incorrect artwork showing up on your device the only reliable way to reset it is to remove all of the music (which hopefully resets the artwork cache on the device) then reload it. See If you have music that won't play on your device - Apple Community for details of how to remove the content directly on the device rather than via syncing, which includes advice on a more comprehensive strategy to reset the device if needed.
I suspect this isn't going to be relevant, but there is a potential issue if you have ever used the various sort fields in an attempt to smoosh content into a single album, or have multiple albums with the same title, where two different bits of code in different devices might index the albums differently, leading to the wrong image for a given track being fetched from the artwork cache. I would expect the problem to be more widespread on the device if that were the case, but see Grouping tracks into albums for some background on using metadata consistently for best results.
tt2
