Unfortunately you can't tell the built-in Find & Replace to limit itself to just selected cells. It will operate on your entire document with possible unintended effects.
However, you can use this 'Find Replace in Selection' Shortcut instead.
https://www.icloud.com/shortcuts/0e20a63f34bb4914a45ccc80d252d4a7
Clicking the link above with Safari as your default browser will open the shortcut in the Shortcuts app where you can inspect it and install it if you want.
In this case you will want to do two Find Replaces (they each take just a few seconds, still much faster than entering a formula, filling it down, "removing" it with Paste Formula Results, and deleting the original column).
The first Find Replace Select the cells and run the Shortcut.


The second Find Replace. Select the cells again, and run the Shortcut.


If you've done the find replace correctly the date & time values will now automatically right-align in Numbers.
This Shortcut can be handy in other situations as well. So if you think you might use it often you can consider pinning it to the Menu Bar for quick access.

Otherwise just leave it in the Shortcuts app and you can always run it from there.
SG