Interesting, thanks for that. It seems the we're either facing different issues, or there are other configuration settings that impact this. Do note that the excerpt you quoted above seems to be for shared mailboxes, you may have a different configuration for your inbox. Look for a namespace that contains "inbox = yes".
I just re-tried the experiment I tried a few weeks back and setup a test Dovecot server (v2.3.19.1 on Debian Bookworm). Setting the separator character to "\" (actually "\\" because it needs to be escaped in the Dovecot configuration file) causes my iOS mail connections to fail every time. Dovecot log shows a Login immediately followed by "Disconnected: Connection closed (LIST finished 0.009 secs ago)".
When I change the separator character to "/", ".", or "|" it connects and functions fine. Other clients (including Mail on MacOS) connect regardless of the separator character setting.
On my test server the only settings defined in the inbox namespace are "separator", and "inbox = yes" , everything else is the default value which should be equivalent to:
namespace inbox {
type = private
separator = "\\"
prefix =
location =
inbox = yes
hidden = no
list = yes
subscriptions = yes
}