I am having exactly the same problem (with no solution) as the OP described in:
iPhone backup issue after 17.4 upgrade - Apple Community
I upgraded my iPhone XS Max from iOS 16 to 17.4.1 and then 17.5 last week. Even upgraded my iPhone XS Max to an iPhone 15 Pro Max with iOS 17.5.1 two days ago using the Quick Start process to transfer all the data. When I do an iCloud backup, it shows that the last backup was successful last night with 2.7 GB size, but the iCloud "Manage Account Storage" doesn't show the iPhone backup (only Docs and Mail that use 1.1 GB size).
I already tried restarting the iPhone, deleting the backup, and creating new backup manually using backup now, etc. The iPhone acts like it is backing up but the iCloud storage doesn't show it. I can still backup to my Mac computer as usual. Interestingly, when I look at my iCloud storage on my Mac (using System Settings), it also shows a 0 KB backup size. But when I click it, the next screen shows a 2.7 GB backup for my 15 Pro Max
Any suggestions on how to fix this? I thought of signing out, restarting, and signing back in but I am afraid that I might lose some data. Everything seems to be working fine.
It has been well over a week and the issues persists with no resolution. I wonder if the iPhone is actually backing up to iCloud and if the backup will be there if I need it.