Can I transfer data from an iPhone to an erased iPad via iCloud backup?

Yes.

These support pages should get you started with setup of your new iPad - and the methods of transferring your data from an iPad or iPhone to a new or erased/reset iPad:

Set up your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch – Apple Support

Transfer data from your previous iOS device to your new iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

Use Quick Start to transfer data to a new iPhone, iPad or iPod touch – Apple Support

If the donor iPad/iPhone, from which you are transferring your data precedes iOS12.4, QuickStart will not be available.

“Transfer” is rather a misnomer. In reality, your data and setup is merely cloned to the new device. Nothing is moved or removed from the original device.

An alternative is to restore either an iCloud or iTunes backup to the new device:

How to back up your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch – Apple Support

Restore your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch from a backup - Apple Support

1bear-wee wrote:

Setting up an erased iPad from an iphone via iCloud backup

yes, just choose your iphone backup.