If the subscription renewed and tried to charge you but was unable for any reason, you now owe the subscription amount until you complete payment and as such your account is currently in bad standing. You won't be able to use store services, including downloading apps until the issue is resolved.
You must have a verified payment method and let the charge complete successfully. Once that happens you can contact Apple Support for a refund by clicking here ➜ Contact Apple Support for a refund
You should cancel subscriptions more than 24 Horus before they are set to renew if you no longer want them, so they don't charge you. Otherwise Apple advises they may still charge you.