You don't provide enough details on what happened to your SSD and whether it was the original Apple OEM SSD or a third party SSD (which make & model, and adapter).
It is unlikely a macOS upgrade did any physical damage to the SSD itself. Either the upgraded macOS is not compatible with the SSD or third party SSD adapter, or maybe the SSD just happened to fail at the same time. SSDs typically fail suddenly without any warning signs. Keep in mind a macOS upgrade typically also involves a system firmware update as well. The system firmware update may have caused a compatibility issue. Not all SSDs are compatible with all computers.
A lot of issues occurring with a macOS upgrade usually involve third party software issues interfering with the normal operation of macOS.