Files on Mac persistently not synchronizing with iCloud Drive

I have had this issue since at least macOS Big Sur and it has persisted through my upgrade to Monterey and to this day on 12.5.1. I have iCloud Drive sync turned on, Desktop and Documents Folder option turned on, and Optimize Mac Storage turned off. I have a 2TB local drive and a 2TB iCloud account. I have about 1.61TB used on my local drive and in iCloud Drive. A subset of my top level Documents folders show that they are constantly not synced:

Those upload amounts and up arrows never change. As you can see, sometimes the little cloud icon is a dotted line, sometimes it's a solid line, and they can flip from one to the other. If I drill down into the folders with cloud icons, sometimes I reach a subfolder with no files with pending syncs, and sometimes there's a file with a pending sync. Sometimes the folder looks synced when I compare it to what I see in iCloud.com, and sometimes a folder or file is missing altogether from iCloud.com.

There seems to be no rhyme or reason for what I'm seeing either on my Mac or when compared to iCloud.com, at least not that I can discern. I never see a context menu item that allows me to force a sync or tell me why it's not syncing. It's very frustrating that there is no obvious way for me to troubleshoot this issue.

Other than just turning all this syncing off, deleting what's in iCloud Drive, and just starting all over again (which would take days), is there anything I can do to see a reason for this error, or even a way to just force a complete re-sync?