Sharing and Permissions

First thing to try is a shutdown and reboot of all the devices involved, and then make another attempt at changing those folder names.

As always, be sure to have a current backup of any drive(s) that you will be troubleshooting before you do anything more.

Next, I suggest you launch Disk Utility and see if there are errors that might be corrected. Run the First Aid routine on the problem drive(s). Run first aid on the partition(s) and then the device itself until DU reports them as OK.

Please see > How to repair a Mac disk with Disk Utility - Apple Support

If rebooting your Mac doesn’t fix things, see if the problem still happens in Safe mode (hold the shift key down at startup). It can take much longer to safe boot (10 min) so be patient.

Please see > How to use safe mode on your Mac - Apple Support 

Safe mode disables loading third-party drivers, forces the OS to do disk repair, clear certain caches and logs and other miscellaneous housekeeping. It's non-destructive to user data so is safe to do. Very often certain weird software behavior is corrected by simply logging in this way as a troubleshooting method. When you're in safe boot, the machine will not be at its best performance, especially with graphics, but that's expected.

Does the problem persist while in Safe mode?

Exit safe mode by restarting your Mac normally and re-evaluate the issue again.

If the problem is still unresolved, please return here and post a reply and we’ll see what else we can come up with for help.

What folders... and where do these folders reside?

It is true that some folders cannot/should not be renamed on the Mac.