How can I make my iPhone 12 sync with the Outlook Calendar and Contacts of my choice via iTunes?

Time and operating systems move on and 20th century technology eventually will get left behind.

Syncing contacts and calendars via itunes (and presumably USB?) is something I have not ever needed to do. Everything is sync’d directly to the email providers over the air. itunes/finder for me is only for backing up and syncing photos.

I migrated all my calendars notes reminders and contacts to icloud.com as soon as I was comfortably immersed in the Apple ecosystem. In particular for the non-invasive and highly secure nature of their infrastructure.

Microsoft and the pseudo-IMAP Google accounts are fine alternatives

Any email accounts other than icloud.com for me are only for email.

You will have a real problem with obsolete POP accounts. Can you not convert them to IMAP or migrate to modern IMAP accounts?