If the Mac is handy, then I use AirDrop. If it's off somewhere, then data has to go through routers and servers and it may take a while. I just made a change in Photos on my Mac, at that showed up within a minute or so on my phone.
As far as using iCloud goes, syncing uses the battery, and since lots of people are very anxious about battery drain, the iPhone will avoid syncing when not plugged in. And since syncing uses processing power, and people hate slow-downs, the iPhone will avoid syncing while you use it. And since syncing requires bandwidth, the iPhone will avoid syncing when the internet connection is weak.
So, if you want faster syncing, then find good wifi, plug the phone in, and leave it alone. All this applies to a lesser extent for the Mac.