The user can't. All fonts in the System folder are controlled solely by the OS.
Developers have access to an API that allows them to hide all fonts that are not part of your language/region. When active, it hides a lot of them. All of the apps by Affinity do this. The SoftMaker Office suite has an option in its settings to turn this on and off.
Basically, it's up to the developer to include this function. Adobe, for whatever reason, shows all active fonts with no option for the user to hide them by language/region.
This will help a bit. There are a very large number of OS installed fonts you actually can remove, but the only way to do it is via Font Book. All of these "extra" fonts are in the /System/Library/AssetsV2/com_apple_MobileAsset_Font7 folder.
This procedure will remove all non-fixed fonts, which means any sets you've created will also be cleared.
Open Font Book. Click on All Fonts at the top of the left column. Highlight any font at the right and then press Command+A to select all of them. Right click anywhere in the list and choose Remove or Deactivate. It doesn't matter which one you select since the result will be the same. You'll get this message:

Click the red button. The entire folder mentioned above will be emptied except for the file com_apple_MobileAsset_Font7.xml.
A very large number of non-English fonts will now be gone from your font lists. If at any point you need a particular font back, all you need to do is right click on that font in Font Book and choose Download.