How to import music from CD to iPhone without Apple Music?

To add to ed2345's reply:

Here's how to import music from CDs using Apple Music:

Import songs from CDs into Music on Mac - Apple Support

Macs have not had built-in optical drives for many years, so you may need to purchase an external optical drive. Apple recently discontinued the Apple-brand USB SuperDrive, but just about any optical drive that is made for a computer will work with a Mac.

I'm using this one:

Other World Computing – 24X OWC Mercury Pro USB 3.2 (5Gb/s) Super-Multi DVD/CD Burner/Reader External Optical Drive with M-DISC Support

This is a desktop drive which has:

• A detachable power supply.
• A detachable cable that you can replace with a longer USB 3.0 B to USB-A or USB 3.0 B to USB-C one.
• A tray-loading mechanism with an indent for small round mini-CDs of the type on which record companies once shipped "CD singles".

Because it has its own power supply, it's not particularly finicky about power. It doesn't want to be plugged directly into a Mac (like the Apple drive did) or to take up two USB ports to suck extra power (like some third-party portable drives do). And if your cat chews the USB cable or the cord for the power supply, you might be able to replace just the USB cable or the power supply without having to throw away the whole drive.

Robert,

Rip the CD so the songs are added to your Music library on the Mac. Then sync the phone:

Sync your iPhone, iPad, or iPod using your computer - Apple Support