How do I recover lost bookmarks, read list, history, and files on my Apple device?

Unfortunately, without a backup, you may have irrecoverably lost your data.

If you value your data, always keep a backup - this being good practice for any computer, Apple or otherwise. Your backup is your insurance policy for when the unexpected should occur.

If you don't have a backup, you are gambling that your device (or the services upon which you rely) will never suffer a technical failure - or you will never inadvertently cause data or files to be deleted though error or accident. The more data that you store in one place, the greater the impact of its loss.

No computer storage that has ever been made can be relied upon to permanently preserve your data.

Have you logged out of your account? Are you using iCloud? When was the last time you backed up your device. Prevention is better than any cure.