How to set a specific time range for calendar display on iPhone?

No, that is not an option.

You can let Apple know what you'd like to see here:

Product Feedback - Apple

Meanwhile, there are hundreds, perhaps even thousands of other calendar apps in the App Store. Perhaps one of them will do what you want. I can't give you any specific suggestions as I've never looked for this specific feature.

No, but there are several excellent calendar apps in the App Store that offer this feature; the two most popular are Week Calendar and Fantastical. Either also has many powerful features that make them worth the modest cost. I’ve always hated the built in calendar, and have never used it. (I originally had Week Calendar 20 years ago on my Palm Pilot, and I’ve stuck with it after it supported iOS.)

It's good to know that the two apps I tend to recommend have this feature.

I used to hate the iOS Calendar app a lot. Over the last few years, though, it's become okay.