How can I share iCloud photos and keep passwords safe on my iPhone 13 Pro?

O.k, you forgot your passcode and got locked out, how is this related to iCloud Photos then?

If you forgot your passcode to unlock your iPhone and watch, see the following support documents. You may have to erase the devices and set them up again.

click here ➜ If you forgot your iPhone passcode or your iPhone is disabled - Apple Support

and here ➜ If you forgot your Apple Watch passcode - Apple Support

Your iCloud photos are not tied to this passcode. If you know your Apple Account password you can log in at https://icloud.com with your Apple Account email and password and see your iCloud Photos there.

Once you restore the devices, and log in to your iCloud account, they should be synced down to the iPhone again.

What is your issue? You seem to be asking to different things.

iCloud Photo and password are. different things, sharing photos does not in anyway expose your passwords./

What does that have to do with lockdown?

Please clarify what the problem is and what exactly you need help with.