A Mac mini 2012 can support up to macOS 10.15.7. Please note, that is no longer a supported operating system. macOS 15, 14, and 13 are the currently supported OSes. Apple has a helpful Kbase article here, providing the process of obtaining older OSes. You could take the unit from 10.12 to 10.15. But...
If your Mac mini has a rotational drive (this includes Fusion Drive models), you really might want to consider replacement. Assuming you've had the unit since retail availability, it is at least 10 years old. That is a long time for a rotational drive. And, as Apple's OSes advanced (particularly with the adoption of APFS, the file system is tuned for SSD drives. Units with rotational drive will feel very sluggish. For example, your Mac mini running 10.12 may still be on HFS+. Once you go to 10.13, the drive format will be converted to APFS. Make sure you have a good backup. And expect slower performance.
Next, I must encourage you to at least consider a new Mac mini. The M4 (particularly the M4 Pro Mac mini) is a exceptional product. Excellent performance. Reasonable price. Now, I don't know what type of peripherals you have, so there could be the extra cost of a new compatible display. However, even the M1 Mac mini from 2020 would run circles around your 2012. Sure the 2012 had the extra cores, and we used those models extensively to build render clusters back in the day. But there is no comparison to today's M-class processors. What we have today is so superior to any Intel model that is pains me to think how we suffered for all those years.
And as for Adobe (angry eyes), they are only providing the current and the previous releases. This is CC 2025 and 2024. If you are on a subscription, you will need a new machine to run these tools. If you are still on older versions, you will not be able to reinstall unless you kept the installers. If you are not on the subscription, seriously look at what Affinity has to offer. Unless you are a creative pro (I suspect you are more hobbyist as you are on the old versions) and need to be engulfed in the Adobe workflow stream, look at a more affordable, better integrated solution.
Hope this is helpful. Make sure you have a good backup. Decade old gear sends shivers up my spine.