It appears that iPhone fast charging takes advantage of USB-C Power Delivery.
Fast charge your iPhone - Apple Support
How much power a 13" M1 MacBook Pro would be willing to offer to peripherals, via its USB-C ports, would be up to the MBP. Just as chargers vary in how much they're willing to offer, so do host USB-C ports on computers.
https://manhattanproducts.eu/pages/usb-c-pd-charging-everything-you-need-to-know
Since you already have the M1 MacBook Pro, and the iPhone, perhaps you could do your own experiment. Let the iPhone's battery charge run nearly out. Charge the MacBook Pro to 100%. Then connect the two and periodically check the iPhone's charge level. That should give you some indication of how long things might take in practice – whether you ever get the answer to the technical question, or not.