I had the same issue! After months working with Apple Support, I stumbled upon the solution:
If yours was like mine, you notice that iCloud Drive page would load for a second and you would see some favorites in the left sidebar with a spinner below. Then after a second the error dialog would come up saying "Drive has stopped responding. An error has prevented this application from working properly. Help Apple improve its products by sending us diagnostic and usage information about Drive." with a details disclosure (which is where you got those logs which are similar to mine):
What I realized is that that spinner below the list of Favorites was the key. I went to my iOS device and unfavorited folders until I had less than 10 favorites. Once I did that, the error dialog no longer appears when going to iCloud Drive in a browser window.
The reason is that there must be a bug in iCloud.com/iclouddrive that has issues when loading more than 10 Favorites which is why it appears on all browsers (since it's a site issue not a browser or account issue) and why it doesn't appear in any browser on a tablet (since the tablet view doesn't show the sidebar where Favorites are).
I was able to reproduce the issue in multiple accounts. As soon as the 11th favorite is added, the error appears on the website. When the number of favorites goes back down to 10, the error goes away.
I almost lost all my data due to engineering wanting to reset my account to solve this issue, but thankfully I figured out the Favorites link and hopefully this will help others workaround this issue until Apple issues a code fix.
