How do I know if my phone has a fingerprint passcode

If it is an iPhone model 11, it doesn't have fingerprint (or Touch ID) recognition, just Face ID recognition.

In order to set up Face ID you must use a passcode, but if you see the alert shown in the support article that led you here, perform the steps provided in that support article.

If the issue persists, contact Apple Support directly, using this specific link:--> Apple Support , or make an appointment and have your device inspected at an Apple Store or AASP (Apple Authorized Service Provider) among this list:--> Apple - Find Locations - Location Selector. After checking it out, they'll give you all the available options.

Regards

Giulio