Don't let iCloud photos take up my iPhone storage!

My collection of photos in iCloud came from my laptop, where I have been gathering photos for years. There are vastly more photos than my iPhone could store. Then I turned on "iCloud photos" on my iPhone along with "Optimize iPhone storage". I did this because I want photos newly taken on my phone to appear on my MacBook Pro.

But I'm having storage problems on my iPhone, and I do NOT want the phone downloading more and more of my photos from iCloud until it is full. Is there any way to set this up in a unidirectional fashion, "Yes upload new photos from my phone to iCloud, no don't download old photos from iCloud to my phone"?

[Re-Titled by Moderator]