I found this thread because I am having the same issue. I use earbuds plugged into the iPhone 15’s USB-C port to listen to a podcast at night. During sleep, the earbuds come out, of course (which is why I use wired ones). On iOS 18 and earlier, my alarm would sound through the iPhone even though the earbuds were still plugged in. After upgrading to iOS 26, the alarm sound stopped going through the iPhone speakers. Luckily, I sleep with the iPhone on the bed, so the vibration wakes me up. Note: I use the “Pick a song” option instead of the default Apple ringtones.
Here is what I discovered. If I use the default Apple alarm/ringtones, they play on both the iPhone and the Earbuds. If I decide to use a song from my own library, the sound does not come through the iPhone speakers as it used to; it only comes through the earbuds, which by morning are somewhere else other than in my ears, but still plugged into the iPhone. I am going to report this as a bug to Apple. I hope if enough of us do that they will fix it back to what it was pre-2026.