Try logging into a different macOS user account to see if Chrome will launch. If you don't have another macOS user account, then you can create a new macOS user account followed by logging out your main macOS user account & logging into the new user account.
If the other macOS user account allows you to launch Chrome, then it indicates the Chrome profile associated with your main user account is damaged or corrupt. You may need to check the Chrome support site for options for launching Chrome with a different or new profile. I did it years ago for a Chromium based browser, but don't recall the process other than it require using the command line or modifying the launch information for Chrome. You could try deleting various Chrome preference files, cache files, and even the entire Chrome profile (assuming you only use one profile with Chrome). Or perhaps a Chrome browser extension/plugin issue.
If the other macOS user account also has the launch issue, then it means you have a system wide issue with the Chrome app....probably the Chrome app itself. You can try booting into Safe Mode to see if this makes any difference.