Mail phishing attempt via photos

As you wrote, nothing happened. Just forget about it.

It's not possible to "hack" an iPhone with an email message or a Safari web page, but criminal attempts to deceive you into willfully divulging personal information are very common. You didn't do that.

Familiarize yourself with Recognize and avoid social engineering schemes including phishing messages, phony support calls, and other scams - Apple Support.

You wrote yourself that it was a photo, and when you long-pressed the Continue button the contextual menu in your second screenshot appeared, offering to save the image in the Photos app. That tells me it wasn't even a clickable link. As phishing scams go, that attempt was poorly thought out and quite clearly ineffective.

Even if there had been a clickable link that opened Safari to a phishing site (which did not appear to happen) you would have had to deliberately provide some kind of personal information such as your Apple Account details or something else of monetary value to criminals. Those pages can be very authentic-looking, as that Recognize and avoid social engineering schemes including phishing messages, phony support calls, and other scams - Apple Support explains.

You should devote the time to reading it. It's a very good document. It's almost as though I had written portions of it myself, which I did — over a decade ago:

Effective defenses against malware and other threats - Apple Community

😄

You're welcome. Please pass those references along to others as well. Tell your friends, your colleagues, post it on bulletin boards, shout it from rooftops. Shut down the scammers.

Although you did not fall victim to one, scams abound, and people succumb to them every day. Education is the only effective defense.