Numbers, unlike Excel, does not have the ability to lock specific cells.
You can lock an entire table by clicking it and going in the menu to Arrange > Lock.
So you could put your formulae in that separate table and lock it. If different people will be inputting data into the spreadsheet then it is often a go idea to separate the data input and calculation areas as much as possible.
Note, however, that it is just as easy to unlock a table as lock it (via Arrange > Unlock). You have no way to prevent that.
If you need more security you may need Excel, which is built for businesses and organizations. Numbers is excellent, and is more convenient than Excel in many ways, but it is more a consumer grade application.
SG