...i've found a workaround for the syncing issue: Switch off wifi on the iPhone and use the mobile network.
The problem could be related to the fact that i use a static ip and my own domain name for the home network. However, the mail problem also occurred with SMTP mail accounts that do not use my domain name. I have no problems receiving mail with my Macs, I just noticed that when I tried to set up an account in Thunderbird on the Mac, I got a certificate warning that I had to manually override. Other than that, I have no problems with other web services on the iPhone or any other devices.
However, switching off Wifi on the iPhone and using the mobile network now at least allows me to receive mail again with the Mail.app on iOS 18.2, even with mail accounts that use my domain but are hosted externally by a service provider.