Where are photos stored on iPhone 14 Pro

When I plug my new iPhone 14 Pro into my computer via USB, I'm able to see folders containing photos from each respective month (Apple iPhone > Internal Storage > DCIM > YYYYMM_). Previously using my old iPhone 11 Pro, I was able to take a bunch of photos, and immediately plug my phone into the computer to copy all photos taken onto my desktop. This was ideal as I use my phone for work purposes to take photos that I need to transfer to a desktop computer.

Ever since I've upgraded from an iPhone 11 Pro to the 14 Pro, I've noticed that not all photos taken are showing up in these folders. For example, this month I've taken several hundred photos but when I look in the most recent YYYYMM folder, only a small percentage of those photos are showing up. The photos that do show up seem to be a random assortment (i.e., the list shows no photos between IMG_2580 to IMG_2715 and nothing from IMG_2718 to IMG_2849, etc.).

I've noticed that the photos that aren't showing up on the computer (i.e., photos IMG_2581 to IMG_2714) show the icloud logo with a slash through it suggesting that they have not yet been uploaded to the iCloud, but I don't see why that would prevent them from showing up when connected to a computer. Where are the photos being stored after being taken?

Does anyone know how to get all photos to show up immediately so that I can transfer photos from the phone to a computer right away?

iOS is up to date (on 16.3.1). I do not have 'Optimise Photos' enabled. iCloud Photos is set to 'Sync this iPhone', and the setting 'Download and Keep Originals' is checked (rather than 'Optimise iPhone Storage')