Why did I receive earphones with wires with my iPhone 10 if they don’t work with them?

Who says you can’t?

All iPhones have always come with wired headphones. Starting with the iPhone 7, the included wired headphones have a lightning connector you can plug into the iPhone’s charging port.

The iPhone X (and later models) shipped with EarPods with Lightning connector. They plug into the lightning port on the phone.

https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MMTN2AM/A/earpods-with-lightning-connector